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About this Research Library

The National Canine Research Council Research Library houses, in one searchable database, scholarly materials in our areas of interest and expertise. Our goal is to make available descriptions of studies from the peer-reviewed literature in order to inform discourse and enable ongoing research through accurate representations of sources.1 We provide links to the abstracts and where to purchase full texts (some of which are open access). We hope that the Research Library will also be useful to journalists, persons engaged in canine-related occupations, grant makers, and any interested researchers or readers. We invite all those interested to make use of the Research Library, which is searchable by Author, Content Type, and Topic.

To meet the standards for inclusion in the research library, research papers must generally be:

  • The product of authoritative institutions such as major U.S. and international universities, research organizations or governmental bodies.
  • Based on rigorous research and/or widely cited in the literature on the topic.
  • Published in a peer-reviewed journal.

We do not attempt to include every study that meets these criteria. This is neither practical nor desirable in our effort to streamline the literature review process for scholars. Instead, we have included the most comprehensive works, those that can be considered seminal in each area when such exist. We have also included those that are the most frequently cited in the literature whether or not the project’s methodological rigor merits this recognition.

The three content types in the Research Library are:

  • Literature review: These are National Canine Research Council authored reviews of each topic which summarize the most important findings, along with brief summaries and analyses of the most commonly cited and the most authoritative studies to date.
  • Peer reviewed research: Each such document is a more substantial National Canine Research Council summary and analysis of each study mentioned in the literature review including strengths and limitations of the study itself, along with discussion of the use of sources cited within the paper where appropriate. These are also searchable by the study author’s name.
  • Policy paper: These are National Canine Research Council’s Policy paper booklets authored by Janis Bradley, Council Director of Communications and Publications.

We strongly encourage you go back to the original sources to confirm that you agree with our analysis. When making attributions to material found after using this Research Library, the original source material should be cited. Material quoted directly from the Research Library should be credited to the National Canine Research Council. If you have questions or comments please contact us. 


1. For a sample analysis of how findings can be distorted by poor choice and use of cited material, see the 2016 open access paper in the Journal of Veterinary Behavior, “Who is minding the bibliography? Daisy chaining, dropped leads, and other bad behavior using examples from the dog bite literature.” All three authors are affiliated with National Canine Research Council.

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Relevance of Breed

in selecting a companion dog

Behavior Evaluation

No better than flipping a coin

Visual Breed Identification

A literature review

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Ancestry-inclusive dog genomics challenges popular breed stereotypes

This groundbreaking 2022 study by Morrill et al. is the most robust to date examining the relationship between genetics and canine behavior, and its findings reaffirm a central truth supported by decades of research, that breed is not a reliable predictor of behavior in individual dogs. Unlike prior studies that made assumptions based on breed stereotypes or separate data sets, this research uniquely combined genetic sequencing with behavioral assessments from the same dogs—over 2,000 sequenced and more than 18,000 surveyed—representing both purebred and mixed-breed populations. The results revealed that breed accounted for only 9% of behavior variation, while broader genetics (not tied to breed) explained just 25%. Critically, breed had no meaningful influence on behaviors often labeled as “aggression,” further debunking the myth that certain breeds are inherently more dangerous. While breed did show modest influence in areas such as trainability (biddability), these effects were limited. By confirming that appearance is highly correlated with breed while behavior is not, this study decisively challenges breed-based assumptions and policies and establishes itself as the new “gold standard” in canine behavioral genetics.

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behavior evaluation

Saving Normal: A new look at behavioral incompatibilities and dog relinquishment to shelters

This 2021 paper by Patronek et al. critically examines a core assumption in animal sheltering, that certain dog behaviors predict relinquishment and therefore justify the use of shelter-based behavior evaluations. Through a review of existing studies, the authors find little scientific support for the belief that behaviors often labeled as “problems” cause large numbers of dogs to be surrendered. Only two studies to date have assessed behavior as a risk factor by comparing relinquished dogs to a representative control group of dogs living in homes. Even those showed weak and inconsistent results. The authors also highlight methodological flaws in how relinquishment reasons are reported and categorized, which often inflate the perceived role of behavior by grouping diverse behavioral issues together while separating other factors into more granular categories. The authors find that many dogs living successfully in homes exhibit the same behaviors often cited as reasons for surrender and that owner satisfaction remains high despite them. These findings challenge the rationale for using behavior evaluations as gatekeeping tools and call for a reassessment of shelter practices focused on a more evidence-based and humane understanding of human-dog relationships.

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behavior evaluation

Summary & Analysis: Comparison of SAFER behavior assessment results in shelter dogs at intake and after a 3-day acclimation period

This 2015 study by Bennett et al. offers one of the few direct investigations into the test-retest reliability of a widely used shelter behavior evaluation, the SAFER assessment, and raises serious concerns about its consistency and practical value. By administering the test to the same dogs just three days apart, the researchers found that scores often shifted substantially, sometimes in ways that could alter adoption or euthanasia decisions. While some subtests showed moderate agreement, others—especially those intended to detect aggression or fear—had poor reliability. Behavioral changes were neither consistently in one direction nor clearly attributable to stress reduction, therefore undermining assumptions that behavior stabilizes with time in the shelter. These findings reinforce the conclusion that behavior evaluations like SAFER lack the consistency needed for high-stakes decision-making. In practice, this means that the outcome of a dog’s life may depend more on the timing of the test than the dog’s actual personality, thereby highlighting the need to rethink reliance on standardized behavior assessments in sheltering contexts.

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Summary & Analysis: Fatal and near-fatal animal bite injuries

This 1991 study by Clarke et al. has a very small sample size (two canine-related cases) and lacks contextual factors. The cases cannot be extrapolated to the greater dog-bite-related fatalities literature or population. We include it in the research library because it has been cited many times in anti-pit-bull literature.

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